Grammar
Understand how English sentences work: from word classes to clauses, tenses and beyond
Word Classes: Nouns and Verbs
Identify and classify nouns and verbs, including abstract, concrete, collective and auxiliary forms.
Word Classes: Adjectives and Adverbs
Identify adjectives and adverbs, understand what they modify, and form comparatives and superlatives.
Determiners and Articles
Identify and correctly use determiners including articles (a, an, the) and other noun modifiers.
Clauses and Phrases
Identify main and subordinate clauses, and recognise different types of phrase including noun phrases and adverbial phrases.
Sentence Types and Structure
Classify sentences by function (statement, question, command, exclamation) and by structure (simple, compound, complex).
Verb Tenses
Understand and correctly use past, present and future tenses including simple, continuous and perfect forms.
Modal Verbs
Identify and correctly use modal verbs to express ability, obligation, permission, possibility and advice.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Ensure verbs agree in number with their subjects, including tricky cases with collective nouns, compound subjects and indefinite pronouns.
Pronouns
Identify and correctly use personal, possessive, reflexive and relative pronouns.
Relative Clauses
Identify and use defining and non-defining relative clauses, and choose the correct relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that).
Conjunctions and Connectives
Use coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS), subordinating conjunctions, and adverbial connectives to link ideas within and between sentences.
Prepositions
Identify prepositions and understand how they express time, place and relationship between nouns.
Active and Passive Voice
Identify active and passive voice, form the passive using to be + past participle, and understand when each voice is used.
Direct and Indirect Speech
Convert between direct and reported (indirect) speech using correct tense backshift, pronoun changes and time-word changes.
Standard English and Formality
Identify and correct non-standard English forms, double negatives, incorrect verb agreement and pronoun case, and adjust register from informal to formal.
Cloze and Sentence Completion
Complete gap-fill sentences and passages by applying grammar knowledge: conjunctions, tenses, prepositions, pronouns, determiners and subject-verb agreement.
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